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With a population well beyond a million, Managua is the second biggest metro area in Central America and by far the biggest city and urban center in Nicaragua. Founded as a pre-Columbian fishing town, the city was incorporated in 1819 and given the name Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua. )consumption: 3,182,620,000 kWh (2019 est. Construction lasted from 1928 to 1938, overseen by Pablo Dambach, who was a Belgian engineer residing in Managua. Notable landmarks include Daro Park, with its monument to Nicaraguas famed poet Rubn Daro; the National Palace; the 20th-century cathedral; the Carlos Fonseca Memorial; and the Tower of Democracy. Located on the shores of Lake Managua, the city had an estimated population of 1,055,247 as of 2020,[4] and a population of 1,401,687[4] in its metropolitan area. Download Historical Data Save as Image From: To: Zoom: Population: 6,545,502: Largest City Managua (1,063,698) Currency : Cordobas (NIO) GDP: $12.52 Billion: Fitch rating: B- (2018)Moody's rating: B3 (2020)Standard & Poors rating: B- (2018)note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. Managua is the capital city of Nicaragua. [6] The city also serves as the seat of Managua Department. 36(4):289300. A. [47], The Rubn Daro National Theatre is Nicaragua's most important theater, and is one of the most modern theaters in Central America. )hydroelectricity: 12.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est. te ), total population: 75.05 yearsmale: 72.84 yearsfemale: 77.36 years (2023 est. [50], Managua is also home to Museo Sitio Huellas de Acahualinca (the Museum of Acahualinca), where the Ancient footprints of Acahualinca, fossilized Paleo American footprints made 2,100 years ago, are engraved in volcanic ash. 1,033,622. Click here to get an answer to your question What is the population of Managua. )exports: 0 kWh (2019 est. Not able to rebuild quickly, the city directed emergency workers to clear away much of the city's ruins quickly while burying the deceased in mass graves. Updates? Some buildings burned to the ground, while the foundations of others simply gave way. Managua's city area extends about 544 square kilometers (210 square miles), essentially south from the south shore of Lake Managua. The metro area population of Managua in 2022 was 1,083,000, a 0.93% increase from 2021. The Southern Highway, the southern part of the Pan-American highway, connects Managua to southern departments Carazo, Rivas and others. Businesses mushroomed, new housing projects and schools were constructed, the airport was expanded and modernized, streets were widened, older malls were repaired and new ones were built, and buildings were cleaned up. After losing free and fair elections in 1990, 1996, and 2001, former Sandinista President Daniel ORTEGA was elected president in 2006, 2011, 2016, and most recently in 2021. ), conventional long form: Republic of Nicaraguaconventional short form: Nicaragualocal long form: Republica de Nicaragualocal short form: Nicaraguaetymology: Nicarao was the name of the largest indigenous settlement at the time of Spanish arrival; conquistador Gil GONZALEZ Davila, who explored the area (1622-23), combined the name of the community with the Spanish word "agua" (water), referring to the two large lakes in the west of the country (Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua), name: Managuageographic coordinates: 12 08 N, 86 15 Wtime difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: may derive from the indigenous Nahuatl term "mana-ahuac," which translates as "adjacent to the water" or a site "surrounded by water"; the city is situated on the southwestern shore of Lake Managua, 15 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 2 autonomous regions* (regiones autonomistas, singular - region autonoma); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Costa Caribe Norte*, Costa Caribe Sur*, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, history: several previous; latest adopted 19 November 1986, effective 9 January 1987amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or assent of at least half of the National Assembly membership; passage requires approval by 60% of the membership of the next elected Assembly and promulgation by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2021, civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts, accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt, citizenship by birth: yescitizenship by descent only: yesdual citizenship recognized: no, except in cases where bilateral agreements existresidency requirement for naturalization: 4 years, chief of state: President Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (since 10 January 2007); Vice President Rosario MURILLO Zambrana (since 10 January 2017); note - the president is both chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (since 10 January 2007); Vice President Rosario MURILLO Zambrana (since 10 January 2017)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by qualified plurality vote for a 5-year term (no term limits as of 2014); election last held on 7 November 2021 (next to be held on 1 November 2026)election results: 2021: Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra reelected president for a fourth consecutive term; percent of vote - Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 75.9%, Walter ESPINOZA (PLC) 14.3%, Guillermo OSORNO (CCN) 3.3%, Marcelo MONTIEL (ALN) 3.1%, other 3.4%2016: Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra reelected president for a third consecutive term; percent of vote - Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 72.4%, Maximino RODRIGUEZ (PLC) 15%, Jose del Carmen ALVARADO (PLI) 4.5%, Saturnino CERRATO Hodgson (ALN) 4.3%, other 3.7%, description: unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (92 statutory seats, current 91; 70 members in multi-seat constituencies, representing the country's 15 departments and 2 autonomous regions, and 20 members in a single nationwide constituency directly elected by party-list proportional representation vote; up to 2 seats reserved for the previous president and the runner-up candidate in the previous presidential election; members serve 5-year terms)elections: last held on 7 November 2021 (next to be held on 1 November 2026)election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FSLN 75, PLC 10, ALN 2, APRE 1, PLI 2, YATAMA 1; composition - men 45, women 46, percent of women 50.6%, highest court(s): Supreme Court or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 16 judges organized into administrative, civil, criminal, and constitutional chambers)judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly to serve 5-year staggered termssubordinate courts: Appeals Court; first instance civil, criminal, and labor courts; military courts are independent of the Supreme Court, Alliance for the Republic or APRE [Carlos CANALES]Alternative for Change or AC (operates in a political alliance with the FSLN) [Orlando Jose TARDENCILLA]Autonomous Liberal Party or PAL [Rene Margarito BELLO ROMERO]Caribbean Unity Movement or PAMUC [Armando Francisco ARISTA FLORES]Christian Unity Party or PUC (operates in a political alliance with the FSLN) [Guillermo Daniel ORTEGA REYES]Citizens for Liberty or CxL [Carmella ROGERS AUMBURN]; note - barred from participating in the presidential election by the Supreme Electoral Council on 6 August 2021Conservative Party or PC [Alfredo CESAR Aguirre]Democratic Restoration Party or PRD [Saturnino CERRATO]; note - canceled by the Supreme Electoral Council on 18 May 2021Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Mario ASENSIO]Liberal Constitutionalist Party or PLC [Maria Haydee OSUNA]Moskitia Indigenous Progressive Movement or MOSKITIA PAWANKA (operates in a political alliance with the FSLN) [Wycliff Diego BLANDON]Multiethnic Indigenous Party or PIM (operates in a political alliance with the FSLN) [Carla Elvis WHITE HODGSON]Nationalist Liberal Party or PLN (operates in a political alliance with the FSLN) [Constantino Raul VELASQUEZ]Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance or ALN [Alejandro MEJIA Ferreti]Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or CCN [Guillermo OSORNO]Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN (operates in a political alliance with the FSLN) [Julio Cesar BLANDON SANCHEZ]Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [Suyen BARAHONA Cuan]; note - canceled by the Supreme Electoral Council on 21 June 2008; in January 2021, they rebranded and now call themselves Democratic Renovation Union or UNAMOSSons of Mother Earth or YATAMA [Brooklyn RIVERA]The New Sons of Mother Earth Movement or MYATAMARAN (operates in a political alliance with the FSLN) [Osorno Salomon COLEMAN], BCIE, CACM, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador Francisco Obadiah CAMPBELL Hooker (since 28 June 2010)chancery: 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone: [1] (202) 939-6570; [1] (202) 939-6573FAX: [1] (202) 939-6545consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, chief of mission: Ambassador Kevin K. SULLIVAN (since 14 November 2018)embassy: Kilometer 5.5 Carretera Sur, Managuamailing address: 3240 Managua Place, Washington DC 20521-3240telephone: [505] 2252-7100,FAX: [505] 2252-7250email address and website: ACS.Managua@state.govhttps://ni.usembassy.gov/, three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of waternote: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band, turquoise-browed motmot (bird); national colors: blue, white, name: "Salve a ti, Nicaragua" (Hail to Thee, Nicaragua)lyrics/music: Salomon Ibarra MAYORGA/traditional, arranged by Luis Abraham DELGADILLOnote: although only officially adopted in 1971, the music was approved in 1918 and the lyrics in 1939; the tune, originally from Spain, was used as an anthem for Nicaragua from the 1830s until 1876, total World Heritage Sites: 2 (both cultural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Ruins of Len Viejo; Len Cathedral, low-income Central American economy; until 2018, nearly 20 years of sustained GDP growth; recent struggles due to COVID-19, political instability, and hurricanes; significant remittances; increasing poverty and food scarcity since 2005; sanctions limit investment, $38.628 billion (2021 est. Schmidt K.M. In 2007, after a successful literacy campaign, Managua was declared by the Mayor of Managua and the Sandinista party newspaper to be the first capital city in Central America to be rid of illiteracy. Residences, government buildings and entire avenues were demolished. The Carretera A Masaya connects Managua to the departments of Masaya and Granada. [52] The monument was proposed by Ernesto Cardenal and is protected by the Nicaraguan military. Northwest of Managua, in the city of Len, lived the poet Alfonso Corts (1893-1969), who had been declared "mad" at the age of 34 and chained in his bedroom. [34] As well as many hotels, Managua has opened four western style shopping centers or malls, such as Plaza Inter, Centro Comercial Metrocentro, Galerias Santo Domingo[es],[35] and Multicentro Las Americas,[36] with many more being constructed. Hence, Managua was officially selected as the nation's capital in 1852.[10]. )imports: 434 million kWh (2019 est. The temperature varies from 72F (22.2C) at night to 86F (30C) during the daytime. It is home to many factories which produce diverse products. 2011. It is a neo-classical monument which consists of a round pedestal, topped by a balustrade surrounding a fountain containing a gondola filled with singing cherubs, and at the center, a pillar topped with a statue of Daro dressed in a Roman tunic protected by an angel. note: data are in current year dollars$5.939 billion (2020 est.) In 197879 it was the scene of general strikes against the government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle and of heavy fighting, particularly in the slum areas held by Sandinista rebels. After another disastrous earthquake in 1972, the business section was rebuilt 6 miles (10 km) away (to the south and west) from the former city centre. The stadium was named in honor of Nicaragua's first baseball player to play in Major League Baseball. ), number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 7, total: 122,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 4 (2021), total: 1351,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 15under 914 m: 119 (2021), total: 23,897 km (2014)paved: 3,346 km (2014)unpaved: 20,551 km (2014), 2,220 km (2011) (navigable waterways as well as the use of the large Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua; rivers serve only the sparsely populated eastern part of the country), total: 5by type: general cargo 1, oil tanker 1, other 3 (2021), Army of Nicaragua (Ejercito de Nicaragua, EN): Land Forces (Fuerza Terrestre); Naval Forces (Fuerza Naval); Air Forces (Fuerza Area); Special Operations Command (Comando de Operaciones Especiales); Nicaraguan National Police (2022)note: both the military and the police report directly to the president, 0.6% of GDP (2021 est. in 2017). By government decree in 1983 the campus of the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua in Len and Managua, became two separate entities; UNAN and UNAN-Len.[25]. Euraque, Dario A. )transmission/distribution losses: 1.89 billion kWh (2019 est. Once a Managuan scenic highlight, the lake has been polluted from the dumping of chemical and waste water since 1927. Managua Urban Area Population History. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Managua, like much of Western Nicaragua, except for the Sierras, has a tropical climate with constant temperatures averaging between 28 and 32C (82 and 90F). )major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de informacin bsica. It gained its current prominence primarily because of its position . TACA Regional member La Costea operates flights to local destinations like Bluefields, the Corn Islands and San Carlos among others. The Polytechnic University of Nicaragua (UPOLI) (Spanish: Universidad Politcnica de Nicaragua) is a university located in Managua, Nicaragua. 0-14 years: 24.16% (male 784,847/female 751,616)15-64 years: 69.36% (male 2,134,871/female 2,276,522)65 years and over: 6.48% (2023 est.) Nicaragua's total fertility rate has fallen from around 6 children per woman in 1980 to below replacement level today, but the high birth rate among adolescents perpetuates a cycle of poverty and low educational attainment. The rainy season occurs between mid-May and mid-November, while the dry-season occurs between mid-November and the middle or end of May. [2][3] The city underwent a rapid expansion and urbanization between 1842 and 1930, leading it to become one of the most developed cities in Central America. )permanent crops: 2.5% (2018 est. The Dennis Martnez National Stadium has a capacity for 40,000, making it the largest stadium in Nicaragua. "Managua." Group of answer choices There is a large established local market system that caters to the majority of Nicaraguans. The average temperature ranges from 28 to 32 degrees Celsius. Surviving fire squadrons and ambulance companies were not able to handle the skyrocketing demand for their services. [48], Plaza de la Revolucin (Revolution Square), formerly known as Plaza de la Repblica (Republic Square) is home to Managua's historic center, located on the shores of Lake Xolotlan. ), cordobas (NIO) per US dollar -35.171 (2021 est. Out of the country's one hundred and forty airports, it is the only one with the appropriate infrastructure and capacity to handle international flights. The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century. me nos )$2.397 billion (31 December 2019 est. However, this does not yield truthfully for cities and towns who tend to be considerably further from the main highway roads. )$5,300 (2019 est. Every seventh resident lives in Managua alone. The metro would serve important locales, such as the Augusto C. Sandino International Airport and continue service to Ciudad Sandino. ), improved: urban: 89.9% of populationrural: 66.5% of populationtotal: 80.3% of populationunimproved: urban: 10.1% of populationrural: 33.5% of populationtotal: 19.7% of population (2020 est. It produces a variety of small manufactures, including processed meat, furniture, metal, and textiles, and it has an oil refinery. The lakeshore is at an altitude of 55 meters (180 feet) above sea level, and the city climbs as it gets towards the Sierras de Managua further south where it is over 700 meters (2,297 feet) above sea level. As stated before Managua only has two seasons, the dry and the rainy. In Mercado Roberto Huembes, Mercado Oriental, Mercado Israel Lewites and other locations one can find anything from household amenities, food, clothing, electronics, construction materials, and other contracting supplies. 16 Nov. 2009. )forest: 25.3% (2018 est. )wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Managua, city, capital of Nicaragua, lying amid small crater lakes on the southern shore of Lake Managua. If you want to learn more about Managua, you can visit the following link: brainly.com/question/10237353?referrer=searchResults, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . With an average price for the route of $868 and an overall rating of 7.9, Avianca is the most popular choice. Managua has grown by 17,811 in the last year, which represents a 1.4% annual change. The country has a population of 6.2 million people (est. [7] Residents of the city are called managuas, managenses, or capitalinos. The Santo Domingo de Guzmn Museum is an anthropology museum. )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. Image showing to men readi Other archeological evidence, mainly in the form of ceramics and statues made of volcanic stone, like the ones found on the island of Zapatera, and petroglyphs found on Ometepe island, contribute to the increasing knowledge of Nicaragua's ancient history. Pop. The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, more commonly referred to as the New Cathedral, was designed by architect Ricardo Legorreta and inaugurated in 1993. Managua is the economic center and a generator of services for the majority of the nation. More than half of all residents (59%) live within cities. The population in Managua, to 2021, is: 1.3 million people Managua population. Salgado, J. Also, the tomb of Carlos Fonseca, founder of the FSLN, which is guarded by an eternal flame. This is Managua's moment and here are the best things to see and do in the city. And seven bus routes connect to the nearby Ciudad Sandino. Omissions? Nicaraguans emigrate primarily to Costa Rica and to a lesser extent the United States. Official name: Republic of Nicaragua Capital city: Managua Population: 6,203,441 Area: 130,370 sq km Major languages: Spanish, Miskito Time zone: UTC-6 (Central Time Zone) (Source: CIA World Fact Book) Interesting facts about Nicaragua. The newly reconstructed Carretera A Len connects Managua with Len. )30.051 (2017 est. The Augusto C. Sandino International Airport (formerly Managua International Airport) is the largest and only international airport in Nicaragua. This highway is commonly referred to as the Northern Highway. Despite being one of the poorest countries in Latin America, Nicaragua has improved its access to potable water and sanitation and has ameliorated its life expectancy, infant and child mortality, and immunization rates. [38] The city is also home to many communities of immigrants and ex-pats from countries including but not limited to Taiwan, China, Germany, the United States, Palestine, and Latin American countries. More than 300,000 Nicaraguans returned from abroad bringing their expertise and needed capital. The two airlines most popular with KAYAK users for flights from Managua to New York are Avianca and Copa Airlines. Baseball is by far Nicaragua's most popular sport, followed by soccer and boxing. During the rainy season (May to November), Managua becomes a lush city due to many palms, bushes, and other plants and trees which dominate the city's appearance.[18]. Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras, total: 130,370 sq kmland: 119,990 sq kmwater: 10,380 sq km, slightly larger than Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than New York state, total: 1,253 kmborder countries (2): Costa Rica 313 km; Honduras 940 km, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: natural prolongation, tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands, extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes, highest point: Mogoton 2,085 mlowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 mmean elevation: 298 m, gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish, agricultural land: 42.2% (2018 est. This event is celebrated with parades, floats, live music, food and dancing as well as the march of the Carnival Queen. Managua's 2023 population is now estimated at 1,291,800. ms de, Select the correct answer. The National Library holds a great amount of volumes and affords abundant bibliographic information about the discovery and independence of Nicaragua. Compared to western prices, alcoholic beverages, theater visits and cinema tickets are relatively inexpensive. After winning the presidential election in 1990, the National Opposition Union began the reconstruction of Managua began in earnest. Nicaragua is located in Central America, sharing a border with Honduras and Costa Rica. Fast facts. Geologically, the city lies on fault lines, thus seismologists predict that Managua will experience a severe earthquake every 50 years or less.[17]. The airport is located near the northern highway and is about 11 kilometers (6.8mi) east of the city's downtown. The main trading products are beef, coffee, cotton, and other crops. )arable land: 12.5% (2018 est. Managua is also home to all of the major banks of the nation, Banco de la Produccin (BANPRO), BAC Credomatic, Banco de Finanzas (BDF), Banco de Crdito Centroamericano (Bancentro) and its parent company the Lafise Group. ), fresh water lake(s): Lago de Nicaragua - 8,150 sq km; Lago de Managua - 1,040 sq km, the overwhelming majority of the population resides in the western half of the country, with much of the urban growth centered in the capital city of Managua; coastal areas also show large population clusters, destructive earthquakes; volcanoes; landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes, volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Cerro Negro (728 m), which last erupted in 1999, is one of Nicaragua's most active volcanoes; its lava flows and ash have been known to cause significant damage to farmland and buildings; other historically active volcanoes include Concepcion, Cosiguina, Las Pilas, Masaya, Momotombo, San Cristobal, and Telica, largest country in Central America; contains the largest freshwater body in Central America, Lago de Nicaragua, Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 69%, White 17%, Black 9%, Amerindian 5%. Managua, the largest city in the country, is also its centre of commerce and culture. It was commissioned by President Juan Bautista Sacasa in 1935 and built by architect Pablo Dambach, who also built the St. James Cathedral. Web. Group of answer choicesnosmeteles, Mis abuelos _____________ regalan calcetines para la Navidad a mi hermano y a m.te [17] Managua is also Nicaragua's main political, social, cultural, educational and economic hub. )3.68% (2020 est. [62] El Rama is connected by highway to Managua. 17% of the population is of European descent, with the largest ancestry groups being Spanish, German, Italian, English and French. One out of every ten buses now grants access to wheelchair passengers, granting disabled passengers for the first time the ability to utilize public transportation resources.[68]. Salsa dancing is a national pastime. ), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est. Upon the completion of its construction, the New Cathedral generated controversy among tourists and locals because of its bland and dull appearance. Constructed of Carrara marble, Daro's monument is one of the greatest in the country. )permanent pasture: 27.2% (2018 est. Several earthquakes have affected the city's growth, especially the 1931 earthquake and the 1972 earthquake, but the city has been rebuilt several times. ), degree of risk: high (2020)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria, total: 3.69 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The Pan-American Highway enters the city from the north, connecting Managua to Nicaragua's northern and central departments. . At the time of its construction in the late 1960s, it was the most modern stadium in Central America. The most centrally located is the Tiscapa Lagoon in the Tiscapa Lagoon Natural Reserve. Managua has grown by 17,811 in the last year, which represents a 1.40% annual change. [6] ), 5.96% (2021 est. There is also the bust of Professor Josefa Toledo de Aguerri, who was an educator, philanthropist, writer, social activist, and one of the first feminists in the Americas. )0.6% of GDP (2019) (approximately $170 million)0.6% of GDP (2018) (approximately $180 million)0.6% of GDP (2017) (approximately $190 million), approximately 12,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 800 Navy; 1,200 Air Force) (2022), the Nicaraguan military's inventory includes mostly secondhand Russian/Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, Russia has been the leading arms supplier to Nicaragua (2022), 18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; tour of duty 18-36 months; requires Nicaraguan nationality and 6th-grade education (2022), the modern Army of Nicaragua was created in 1979 as the Sandinista Popular Army (1979-1984); prior to 1979, the military was known as the National Guard, which was organized and trained by the US in the 1920s and 1930s; the first commander of the National Guard, Anastasio SOMOZA GARCIA, seized power in 1937 and ran the country as a military dictator until his assassination in 1956; his sons ran the country either directly or through figureheads until the Sandinistas came to power in 1979; the defeated National Guard was disbanded by the Sandinistas (2022), Nicaragua-El Salvador-Honduras: the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; the court ruled, rather, that the Gulf ofFonsecarepresents a condominium, with control being shared by El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the decision allowed for the possibility that the three nations could divide the waters at a later date if they wished to do so, Nicaragua-Costa Rica: Nicaragua and Costa Rica regularly file border dispute cases with the ICJ over the delimitations of the San Juan River and the northern tip of Calero Island, virtually uninhabited areas claimed by both countries; there is an ongoing case in the ICJ to determine Pacific and Atlantic ocean maritime borders as well as land borders; in 2009, the ICJ ruled that Costa Rican vessels carrying out police activities could not use the river, but official Costa Rican vessels providing essential services to riverside inhabitants and Costa Rican tourists could travel freely on the river; in 2011, the ICJ provisionally ruled that both countries must remove personnel from the disputed area; in 2013, the ICJ rejected Nicaragua's 2012 suit to halt Costa Rica's construction of a highway paralleling the river on the grounds of irreparable environmental damage; in 2013, the ICJ, regarding the disputed territory, ordered that Nicaragua should refrain from dredging or canal construction and refill and repair damage caused by trenches connecting the river to the Caribbean and upheld its 2010 ruling that Nicaragua must remove all personnel; in early 2014, Costa Rica brought Nicaragua to the ICJ over offshore oil concessions in the disputed region; in 2018, the ICJ ruled that Nicaragua must remove a military base from a contested coastal area near the San Juan River, and that Costa Rica had sovereignty over the northern part of Isla Portillos, including the coast, but excluding Harbour Head Lagoon; additionally, Honduras was required to pay reparations for environmental damage to part of the wetlands at the mouth of the San Juan River, Nicaragua-Colombia: Nicaragua filed a case with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against Colombia in 2013 over the delimitation of the Continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast, as well as over the alleged violation by Colombia of Nicaraguan maritime space in the Caribbean Sea, which contains rich oil and fish resources; as of September 2021, Colombia refuses to abide by the ICJ ruling, tier rating: Tier 3 Nicaragua does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so and was downgraded to Tier 3; the government identified slightly more victims than in the previous reporting period and prosecuted a trafficker; however, no traffickers were convicted and victim identification remained inadequate; authorities did not investigate, prosecute, or convict government employees complicit in trafficking; the government provided no victim services; prosecution, protection, and prevention efforts in the two Caribbean autonomous regions of Nicaragua continued to be much weaker than in the rest of the country (2020)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Nicaragua and Nicaraguans abroad; women, children, and migrants are most at risk; women and children are subject to sex trafficking within the country and its two Caribbean autonomous regions, as well as in other Central American countries, Mexico, Spain, and the United States; traffickers used social media to recruit victims with promises of high-paying jobs in restaurants, hotels, construction, and security outside of Nicaragua where they are subjected to sex or labor trafficking; traffickers exploit children through forced participation in illegal drug production and trafficking; children and persons with disabilities are subjected to forced begging; Nicaragua is also a destination for child sex tourists from the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, a transit route for drug traffickers smuggling cocaine from South America through Mexico into the United States via maritime and air routes, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). 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