The fylgja are spirit animals that would show up after the birth of a child, typically animals that would be the ones to eat the afterbirth. Nidhggr, therefore, is trying to make the cosmos fall into chaos along with the other dragons. This skillful figure together with his brothers take swan-maidens (valkyries) as wives, but after some years they fly away. Legendary characters from Norse mythology - Aesir and Vanir The elves have been described as being more beautiful than the sun. The sir are the main gods in Norse mythology and live in Asgard. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. In one story, the dwarf Andvari is described as being from Svartlfar, a realm for the elves. He, therefore, decides to kill his foster-father, eat some of the heart, and take much of the treasure. Grmnisml, stanza 5. Cite This Work Elves are humanoid beings which originate from Germanic mythology and English folklore. They are also characterised by their short physical stature, with the males of this race almost always sporting long beards. ucla environmental science graduate program; four elements to the doctrinal space superiority construct; woburn police scanner live. Merovech is one of several barbarian kings that joined forces with the Roman general Aetius against the Huns under Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in Gaul. Scandinavian folklore told of beautiful elven women who had a youthful appearance but would be hollow when seen from the back. Fenrir is also destined to kill Odin, whereas Odins son Varr will then turn around and slay him. 1 Thor Long before he became a Hollywood character, Thor was a mighty hammer wielding god of thunder and lightning, a symbol of strength and a protector of mankind. They can live in soil or in rocks. They designed three gifts for Aesir, the gods of the principal pantheon in the Norse religion. His most defining trait remains that of craftsmanship: his skillfulness brings him both fame and trouble, yet it helps him gain his freedom again. Giants Angrboda (Distress-bringer) Giantess who was the mistress of Loki and mother of Fenrir, Jormungand, and Hel. Among the most fascinating realms is Alfheim, the world of the elves, which was ruled over by Freyr, the Vanir god of virility and peace. Related Content The dwarves might have shapeshifting abilities, several of them have been mentioned to shapeshift into an animal. Even Odins spear was made by dwarves. The final group are the inhabitants of Svartalfaheim, called Svartalfar or Black elves, however, the context . They have survived in modern folklore as part of thehluduflk, the hidden peoples. Asgard is perhaps the most famous of all of the Nine Worlds. The name translates into English as the stronghold/enclosure of Aesir, the principal gods in Norse religion. Influenced by later folklore and popular culture, we tend to think about elves, dwarves, and many other supernatural beings as having certain characteristics which makes them very easily identifiable. She eats the buds off the tree Lrar, producing so much mead that she fills a huge cauldron every day to provide her magical drink for all the warriors of Valhalla. JWP began by publishing our Viking Language Series, which provides a modern course in Old Norse, with exercises and grammar that anyone can understand. Read more: Creatures in Norse Mythology From Odin's mighty horse to a world-circling serpent, Norse Mythology has a cacophony of crazy creatures! Ylfagescot(elf-shot) is applied to certain diseases of men and beasts. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. They are said to dwell in Svartalfheim, one of the nine realms of Norse legend. They were said to reflect the character of the person being born. Men could be elevated to the rank of elves after death, such as king Olaf Geirstad-Elf. Erik is the creator and editor of Planet Norway. Vlund is a complex character, reuniting aspects of the light and dark elves mentioned by Snorri: at first peaceful and melancholic, then after his imprisonment aggressive and merciless. The Vanir god Freyr is the lord of the elves homeland, Alfheim,[4] and at least one Old Norse poem repeatedly uses the word elves to designate the Vanir. Loki was confident that he had both appeased Thor and earned great gifts for the gods at no cost to himself. Naturally, the king demanded compensation, which was given in the form of the gold taken from the dwarf Andvari, who cursed one item, the ring Andvararnaut. In the legends, Norse dwarves are most famous for being highly skilled artisans and smiths. Without further ado, here are the main Norse myths: The Creation of the Cosmos - Fire and ice cross a void, meet in the middle, and form a giant whom the gods then slay to fashion the world. Enraged by these mischievous acts, Suttung, the couples son seizes Fjalar and Galar but receives as compensation the magic mead. Elves and dwarves were probably seen as interchangeable, belonging to the large family of spirits populating a world seen as much richer than what the naked eye could grasp, as Northmen did not share our passion for clear categories. Ymir was a giant and the first sentient creature. The boy is taken on as one of Thors servants. She is most famous for licking the salt stone that revealed Bri, grandfather of the gods. This has led to some confusion about whether the term elf was simply another term for Vanir, which is the name for the gods in Nordic lore. Coming from Norse mythology originally, the troll is apparently inspired . Although Mjllnir's handle was slightly too short is was a marvelous . The world of fantasy literature is packed with mythical creatures including elves, dwarfs and giants. Theyre connected to gods, spirits, and even dwarves. Before confessing, the elf makes him swear no harm will come to his bride, Bothvild that is, and the child she is carrying. The jtunn predominantly dwells in Jtunheimr. Medical texts, possibly under Christian influence, see them rather negatively, as demons. Brands from Sweden: What are the most famous Swedish brands? These creatures flesh out changing destiny, gods, and exciting stories. [7] Humans and elves can interbreed and produce half-human, half-elfin children, who often have the appearance of humans but possess extraordinary intuitive and magical powers. Elves | Euclid Public Library The word "sharvara" means variegated or spotted. Unlike various other creatures taken from the Nordic landscape, Elves in Norse mythology are still relatively mysterious and confusing. As remarked by Turville-Petre. However, she was sent to Asgard as a token of peace and eventually became a member of the Aesir. Luckily, the Jtunn Hymir was on the trip with Thor and cut the line allowing Jrmungandr to flee. She says that "his eyes are glowing like glistening snakes" and he "gnashes his teeth" when he sees the sword and ring , so they cut his hamstrings and place him on an island (Hildebrand, 359). One day Nithuths sons come to the island to see the elfs great treasure. Why don't elves have names in Norse mythology? - Quora Elves (lfar) In Norse Mythology - NorseMythologist Odin, Thor, and Freyr were among the most revered of all the gods; thus, they could be considered the three main deities. After they kill him, they drain his blood, mix it with honey, and thus concoct the mead of poetry, the enchanted liquid that will turn anyone into a talentedskald. Historian with a keen interest in Norse myth and the Viking Age, as well as history teacher and language instructor. Asgard is depicted as a celestial city of high towers surrounded by a great wall. Odin took the spear and Draupnir, while Freyr got the magical ship and the great boar.. The Valkyries on the Battlefield. Throughout the Nordic sagas and Eddic poetry, elves are mentioned somewhat frequently, but they remain some of the most mysterious creatures in Norse lore. In Norse Mythology, Gaiman stays true to the myths in envisioning the major Norse pantheon: Odin, the highest of the high, wise, daring, and cunning; Thor, Odin's son, incredibly strong yet not the wisest of gods; and Lokison of a giantblood brother to Odin and a trickster and unsurpassable manipulator. Creatures in Norse Mythology - Life in Norway Norse Mythology Names For Girls 1. The story continues after a gap in lines with Bothvild regretting that her ring has broken. J.R.R. They had the power to spread disease, and cure illness, depending on the situation. If we go right back to the beginning, and somewhere beyond Earthor Midgard, rather, in this instancewe'll happen across not one, but two races: the Ljslfar (Light elves) and the Dkklfar (Dark elves). The elves, otherwise known as lfar, or lfr in Old Norse, were divine beings in Norse mythology. Nidhggr seems to be jealous of Ratatoskr, the squirrel who sends messages up and down Yggdrasil. The draugr were undead creatures, stronger than humans and possessing the ability to increase their size and to shapeshift. A Note About Viking Names. 3. Ivaldi: Two dwarfs called the 'sons of Ivaldi' make three great treasures for the gods. Old English names in elf - include the cognate of Alboin lfwine (literally "elf-friend", m.), lfric ("elf-powerful", m.), lfweard ("elf-guardian", m.), and lfwaru ("elf-care", f.). Much as Nithuth wishes to have his revenge, he cannot reach the elf: no man is so tall as to take you from your horse, no archer so good to shoot you down there where you wander among the clouds (Hildebrand, 369). (232). Two wicked dwarves named Fjalar and Galar come up in the story of the mead of poetry. The All-Father Odin resided in great Asgard and ruled over all of the nine realms in the Norse mythology cosmos. World History Encyclopedia. They are the ones who kill Kvasir, the extraordinary knowledgeable creature born out of the mixed spit of the two families of gods, the sir and the Vanir, when they end their war at the beginning of the world. As one day they go out at sea, the boat capsizes and Gilling drowns. Fafnir killed their father, turned into a dragon, and hid all the treasure, while Regin became a smith. The worship of the elves persisted centuries after the Germanic peoples formal conversion to Christianity, as medieval law codes prohibiting such practices demonstrate. An elf (Old Norse lfr, Old English lf, Old High German alb, Proto-Germanic *albaz) is a certain kind of demigod-like being in the pre-Christian mythology and religion of the Norse and other Germanic peoples. Before the adventures of Sigurd, the saga deals with the power struggles of Sigurd's ancestors. Then the dwarves invite a giant named Gilling and his wife. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Moreover, he too describes the dwarves as Durins folk. The Old Norse Language and How to Learn It, The Swastika Its Ancient Origins and Modern (Mis)use. Table of Contents 1. Of these, the gods and the giants figure most prominently in Viking myths and legends. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'planetnorway_com-leader-2','ezslot_7',169,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-planetnorway_com-leader-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'planetnorway_com-leader-2','ezslot_8',169,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-planetnorway_com-leader-2-0_1');.leader-2-multi-169{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. However, he is also called ajotunn,a giant, at some point. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Naturally, the king demanded compensation, which was given in the form of the gold taken from the dwarf Andvari, who cursed one item, the ring Andvararnaut. In fact, through their varying myths and legends across all Nordic and Germanic people, the Huldra can be credited as the origin of many subsequent mythological creatures such as elves, witches, the Slavic samodiva, and others. While his brothers go searching for them, Vlund stays home and forges rings with gems, waiting for his wife. Dwarves were responsible for making all of the speciality tools and weapons of the Gods, including Thors hammer, Sifs hair of living gold, and Freyrs magic ship. Not much else is known about their behaviors and world. Sif, Thors wife, has her hair cut off by Loki as a prank. One day Nithuths sons come to the island to see the elfs great treasure. There are two different types of elves in Norse mythology, the Dokkalfar, or dark elves creature, and the Ljosalfar, light elves creatures. Very little is known of the elves in Norse myth. "Elves & Dwarves in Norse Mythology." As remarked by Turville-Petre. Jules William Press was founded in 2013 to address the needs of modern students, teachers, and self-learners for accessible and affordable Old Norse texts. She is taken in by Alf, prince of Denmark, and her son Sigurd turns out to be of extraordinary might and character. Alfheim - Realm of the Light Elves. p. 232. Infuriated, Thor forces Loki to look up the black-elves/dwarves to make her hair of gold. Freya. It is an old and widespread belief that elves cause illnesses, and Old English terminology is rich in expressions which show this. Huginn and Munnin are the two ravens who help Odin as part of his menagerie of spirits. The Franks CasketThe Trustees of the British Museum (CC BY-NC-SA). Elves In Norse Mythology: A Guide To The Nordic Elf Niflheim - Realm of Frost, Ice, Snow, and Mist. List of Unique Norse Mythology Creatures Thus Sigurd, after avenging his father first, accepts the challenge and stabs Fafnir in the heart while laying in a ditch he digs underneath, following Odins advice. The sons of Ivaldi - the most skilled craftsmen There were four sons of Ivaldi, whose names meant bowman. In theSkldskaparml(Language of poetry), Snorri tells us this tale as an answer to the question of why Sifs hair is calledgold. Tolkien used this catalogue as inspiration, particularly the names Gandalfr ("magic elf", not dwarf) and Eikinskjaldi. [4] The Poetic Edda. Elves and dwarves represent minor divine figures in Norse mythology. Vlund makes the princess her lover, who then weeps for her partner who manages to escape the island. The Eagle is a Sun Animal symbolizing Light conquering darkness, justice, victory, spiritual power and magic. Currency in Norway: What currency is used in Norway? Heidrun is a mythical goat described in both the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda. Dwarves appear in several important stories, such as the one about the forging of Thor's hammer, or dragon Fafnir's treasure. There is a theory that the Vikings and other Germanic peoples would change out their supreme deities. Thor asks what the earth is called,the clouds, the wind, the sea, the fire, and so on. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Other references to him come up in the poemsBeowulfandWaldere, on a Swedish runestone in Ardre, and various traditions ofmedieval folklore. However, there are some historians who have spoken of Vanir and elves as being two distinctive categories of beings. It is thought to depict inn, rr and Freyr. 14. Another fallacy would be to assume that we always know what medieval concepts and terminology signify because we know what the same words were used to indicate during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, without ever examining their actual usage in the medieval sources. Of course, this varied throughout regions as well: no one was necessarily bound to have a specific god be above the rest. [8][9] Humans can apparently become elves after death, and there was considerable overlap between the worship of human ancestors and the worship of the elves.[10][11]. The appearance of ravens after giving an offering to Odin was taken to mean he accepted it. p. 36. Muspelheim - Realm of Fire 3. Dwarves. Regin is also listed among thedvergarof theVlusp. Cruelly vengeful, he makes silver cups out of their skulls for the king, gems out of their eyes for their mother, and a brooch out of their teeth for their sister Bothvild. Elves (lfar) and dwarves (dvergar) have in common their talent for creating precious objects, skill, agility, and moral ambiguity. They would guard their graves and treasure, sometimes a royal palace or burial mound. They can live in soil or in rocks. Regin drinks Fafnirs blood and asks Sigurd to roast his heart for him to eat. Once again, however, linguistic researchers believe the dark elves may also have been the same as the dkklfar, or dwarves. A widespread survivor of these in modern English is Alfred (Old English lfrd, "elf-advice"). Then, each morning they fly out all over the world to seek information to bring to Odin. Unlike the elves in general, which commonly stay outside of the spotlight in Norse mythology, there are many dwarves featured in Viking lore. The light elves, or ljsalfar, are often depicted as being pure, good, and innocent, with a strong connection to nature and life. They also can bring disease and bad luck. Gylfaginning 17. Norse mythology saw elves as large and human-sized. Top section of a runestone found at Sanda, Gotland, Sweden, dating to the Viking Age (793-1066 CE). The light elves in particular are often depicted as being fair in complexion, with blond hair and blue eyes, particularly in modern literature. Norse Mythology Names - Behind the Name These are the kind usually found in Celtic mythology. Norse mythology is the body of mythology of the North Germanic people stemming from Norse paganism and . While this site provides the ultimate online introduction to the topic, my book The Viking Spirit provides the ultimate introduction to Norse mythology and religion period. In one story, Thor fishes for the great sea serpent in the deep part of the ocean with a great oxs head. Ultimately, the Nordic elf has a lot of overlap with countless other spiritual and magical beings from the Nordic world. Thirdly, we have those characters from the story of Sigurd. She belongs to a group of Gods and Goddesses known as the Vanir, associated with nature, wild . Dwarves appear in several important stories, such as the one about the forging of Thor 's hammer, or dragon Fafnir's treasure. Elves and Dwarves in Medieval Norse Mythology Dwarfs in Norse Mythology: Origins, Role, Powers, & Abilities 10 Famous Scandinavian Folklore - Enki-Village In Norse mythology, Freya is a powerful goddess. Light elves are tall, slender beings who are said to be fairer than the sun. Influenced by later folklore and popular culture, we tend to think about elves, dwarves, and many other supernatural beings as having certain characteristics which makes them very easily identifiable. Who Were the Indo-Europeans and Why Do They Matter. Manea, Irina-Maria. She was the Goddess of love. The runic inscription reads: "Hrvisl and Farbjrn and Gunnbjrn". Before confessing, the elf makes him swear no harm will come to his bride, Bothvild that is, and the child she is carrying. Their name is derived from the old Norse word "dvergr" They first appear in the Poetic Edda, a 13th-century collection of Norse poems. Danish shoe brands: Fall head over heels for these Danish shoes, The best Scandinavian Christmas tree decorations and ornaments, Animals in Norse mythology: A guide to Nordic animals, Norse tattoos to avoid: Problematic Norse symbol tattoos, The definitive guide to the best books on Norse mythology, Dwarves in Norse mythology: A guide to Norse dwarves, Norwegian trolls: An introduction to trolls from Norway, AWNL Stockholm: The meteoric rise of Swedish jewellery design, VEJRHJ Watches wood, steel & Nordic minimalism, Meet Larsen and Eriksen: The watch designers from Denmark, Urbanista audio: Scandi designs to suit your lifestyle, Triwa watches: Transforming the watch industry forever. It is fair to say that two of the best-known groups of Scandinavian mythical creatures are the dwarves and the elves. She decides a persons luck and happiness. The king takes Vlunds sword, his daughter receives the gold ring meant for Vlunds wife, and the queen speaks of his bad appearance and upcoming unhappiness of this creature or Myrkwood (a magical place also used by Tolkien). [3] The lines between elves and other spiritual beings such as the gods, giants, dwarves, and land spirits are blurry, and it seems unlikely that the heathen Germanic peoples themselves made any cold, systematic distinctions between these various groupings. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[120,600],'planetnorway_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_12',163,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-planetnorway_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[120,600],'planetnorway_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_13',163,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-planetnorway_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0_1');.mobile-leaderboard-1-multi-163{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:600px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Aurgelmir: Alternative name for Ymir, the first frost giant. Valkyries in Norse Myth: A Guide to the Warrior Women (2022) Talented smiths as they are, their creative power can turn against them. His father Sigmund is slain in a battle with a suitor of his mother Hjordis. All Rights Reserved. He tells him the story of his family and his two brothers, Fafnir and Otr, and how one day Odin, Loki, and Hoenir killed Otr in his otter shape. lfsiden is said to mean a nightmare, and lfogoa, hiccoughs. Norse Mythology | Tales from the Fairies Web. At some point, he stops to sweep the fly away as it has been nibbling his eyelid, which is why the hammer they make for Thor comes with a defect, that it is rather short. There are many other gods, monster and creatures that inhabit the 9 worlds. Only one kind of Alfar is spoken of in Norse mythological poems (called the Poetic Edda ), however the Prose Edda gives three groups: Ljsalfar or Light elves, Dkkalfar or Dark elves. In the poemFfnismlof thePoetic Edda, the dragon killed by the legendary hero Sigurd mentions that some of the Norns, the deities who have the gift of prophecy and decide the fates of all, are from the family of Dvalin. Two wicked dwarves named Fjalar and Galar come up in the story of the mead of poetry. Originally from Bucharest, Romania, now residing in Hesse, Germany. https://norse-mythology.org/gods-and-creatures/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Creatures_in_Norse_mythology. Elf | Myths and Folklore Wiki | Fandom Midgard means "the middle fortress.". TheReginsmlonly mentions his shortness but goes on to say that was fierce, skilled in magic, and wise, so this identification might work. [5] Still, other sources do speak of the elves and the Vanir as being distinct categories of beings, such that a simple identification of the two would be misguided. The elves are luminous beings, more beautiful than the sun,[2] whose exalted status is demonstrated by their constantly being linked with the Aesir and Vanir gods in Old Norse and Old English poetry. Included among the Jtunn are Hel, leader of the Underworld, and Ymir, the ambiguously gendered first being of all creation in Norse mythology. p. 13. The Elves in Germanic and Norse Heathenry - Germanicheathenry They are depicted as hideous to look at and reeking of rot and decay. Loki wagers his head with another dwarf called Brokk that he and his brother Eitri would not be able to make three objects as precious as these. The relationship between Norway and the Euro. Manea, Irina-Maria. However, for pagan Northmen, the lines drawn between these creatures must have been much blurrier than it is for us. They are the ones who kill Kvasir, the extraordinary knowledgeable creature born out of the mixed spit of the two families of gods, the sir and the Vanir, when they end theirwarat the beginning of the world. Asgard - Realm of the Aesir travelling between worlds on the bifrost 4. From the serpent circling this world to the powerful horse of Odin, the list of Norse mythology creatures looks really interesting. It represents the speed and power of a horse at least twice as great as any other, and in the Poetic Edda is considered the greatest among all horses. Bibliography It is an old and widespread belief that elves cause illnesses, and Old English terminology is rich in expressions which show this. This could mean elves were just another kind of dwarf, or vice versa. Jules William Press is a small press devoted to publishing the best about the Viking Age, Old Norse, and the Atlantic and Northern European regions. The gods and goddesses of Norse mythology include Odin, the chief god and god of war, wisdom, and poetry; Thor, the god of thunder and protector of humanity; Freyja, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility; and Loki, the trickster god and shape-shifter. Tired of his wifes weeping, they drop a millstone on her head. Each case must instead be judged on its own merit. Another noteworthy dwarven character is Alviss, literally "all-knowing", found in the poem Alvssml of the Poetic Edda. In the Skldskaparml ("Language of poetry"), Snorri tells us this tale as an answer to the question of why Sifs hair is called gold. This is one example of an ouroboros, a popular motif. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Theres more to the story than that, as their name means choosers of the slain, which implies they determine who will die in battle. At some point, he stops to sweep the fly away as it has been nibbling his eyelid, which is why the hammer they make for Thor comes with a defect, that it is rather short. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Both Regin & Fafnir succumb to their greediness, allowing the glittering gold to overcome their judgment. The Norse Gods. Interestingly, Elves in Norse mythology are often differentiated into various groups. Elivagar and gjol flow out into the abyss 2. Pronunciation: aye-sear. Famous depictions of him have him biting his own tail as he holds up all of Midgard or earth. The peasants son eats the marrow of the bone, which affects the resurrection of the goat who then has a slight limp. Although historians have done their best to depict what elves might have looked like and symbolized in the Viking times, were still not entirely sure. They were known for causing death and disease. These messages go between Verflnir, the eagle who lives in the high branches on top, and Nidhggr, who gnaws on the roots below. There he crafts all kinds of precious objects for the king, never resting. The figure is present in Old English as early as the 8th century CE, probably spreading in Scandinavia a century later. Tired of his wifes weeping, they drop a millstone on her head. The word Aesir refers to the most prominent clan of gods in Norse mythology. The medieval Icelandic author Snorri Sturluson, who wroteThe Prose Edda,states that they came out of the primordial giant Ymirs flesh like maggots, and then the gods endowed them with reason. Instead, the Vanir were linked to the earthly plane and were gods of harvest . Everywhere, from Lord of the Rings to The Elder Scrolls games, these creatures are deeply woven into our cultural fabric. Famous Troll Names - dbmorganscreen After it is decided that this is indeed the greatest gift, Brokk has Thor catch Loki for him, but the deceitful Loki says he wagered his head, not his neck, and the dwarf's brother Alr seals Loki's lips. The smith hero Vlundr is identified as 'Ruler of Elves' in the poem Vlundarkvia, who is the son of a king of the 'Finnar'. According to Norse mythology, the universe is composed of nine realms, one for each of the races of Norse beings: men, elves, gods, giants, dwarves, and more. Norse elves were considered supernatural, magical creatures, responsible for playing a role in the past, present, and future of the world. Hochanda Global Ltd Oundle, Simply Supported Plate Deflection Calculator, Articles F
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